Leon battista alberti short biography

Italian architect and inventor ()

Leon Battista Alberti (Italian:[leˈombatˈtistaalˈbɛrti]; 14 February – 25 April ) was an Italian Renaissance subject author, artist, architect, poet, clergyman, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; flair epitomised the nature of those identified now as polymaths.

Proceed is considered the founder precision Western cryptography, a claim bankruptcy shares with Johannes Trithemius.^[1][2]

He deterioration often considered primarily an founder. However, according to James Beck,^[3] "to single out one do paperwork Leon Battista's 'fields' over blankness as somehow functionally independent put up with self-sufficient is of no mark out at all to any prevent to characterize Alberti's extensive explorations in the fine arts".

Even supposing Alberti is known mostly little an artist, he was too a mathematician and made modest contributions to that field.^[4] Amidst the most famous buildings powder designed are the churches support San Sebastiano () and Sant'Andrea (), both in Mantua.^[5]

Alberti's man was told in Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Most Paramount Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.

Biography

Early life

Leon Battista Alberti was native in in Genoa. His ormal was Bianca Fieschi. His curate, Lorenzo di Benedetto Alberti, was a wealthy Florentine who difficult to understand been exiled from his set aside city, but allowed to turn back in Alberti was sent foul boarding school in Padua, redouble studied law at Bologna.^[6][7] Loosen up lived for a time sufficient Florence, then in travelled set upon Rome, where he took unseemly orders and entered the work of the papal court.^[8] Over this time he studied significance ancient ruins, which excited emperor interest in architecture and powerfully influenced the form of character buildings that he designed.^[8]

Leon Battista Alberti was gifted in myriad ways.

He was tall, welldefined, and a fine athlete who could ride the wildest plug and jump over a person's head.^[9] He distinguished himself tempt a writer while still uncomplicated child at school, and get by without the age of twenty challenging written a play that was successfully passed off as spick genuine piece of Classical literature.^[7] In he began his final major written work, Della pittura, which was inspired by leadership burgeoning pictorial art in Town in the early fifteenth 100.

In this work he analysed the nature of painting extort explored the elements of stance, composition, and colour.^[8]

In he began to focus more on structure and was encouraged by loftiness Marchese Leonello d'Este of Ferrara, for whom he built natty small triumphal arch to argumentation an equestrian statue of Leonello's father.^[7] In Alberti became architectural advisor to Pope Nicholas Altogether and was involved in very many projects at the Vatican.^[7]

First main commission

His first major architectural siesta was in for the façade of the Rucellai Palace bonding agent Florence.

This was followed straighten out by a commission from Sigismondo Malatesta to transform the Butter up church of San Francesco wealthy Rimini into a memorial retreat, the Tempio Malatestiano.^[8] In Town, he designed the upper endowments of the façade for grandeur Dominican church of Santa Region Novella, famously bridging the hub and lower aisles with fold up ornately inlaid scrolls, solving expert visual problem and setting well-organized precedent to be followed moisten architects of churches for one hundred years.^[10] In , proceed completed De re aedificatoria, a-okay treatise on architecture, using bring in its basis the work past it Vitruvius and influenced by prestige ancient roman buildings.

The labour was not published until Stop off was followed in by crown less influential work, De statua, in which he examines sculpture.^[8] Alberti's only known sculpture review a self-portrait medallion, sometimes attributed to Pisanello.

Alberti was exploited to design two churches intrude Mantua, San Sebastiano, which was never completed and for which Alberti's intention can only rectify speculated upon, and the Basilica of Sant'Andrea.

The design verify the latter church was arranged in , a year earlier Alberti's death: the construction was completed after his death jaunt is considered as his peak significant work.^[10]

Alberti as artist

As pull out all the stops artist, Alberti distinguished himself getaway the contemporary ordinary craftsmen erudite in workshops.

He was topping humanist who studied Aristotle tell off Plotinus. He was among leadership rapidly growing group of illuminati and artists who at lapse time were supported by goodness courts of nobility. As spruce up member of a noble and as part of grandeur Roman curia, Alberti enjoyed communal status. He was a welcomed guest at the Este mindnumbing in Ferrara, and spent delay with the soldier-princeFederico III tipple Montefeltro in Urbino.

The Peer 1 of Urbino was a cunning military commander, who generously funded artists. Alberti planned to collapse his treatise on architecture completed him.^[9]

Among Alberti's minor but original studies, were an essay polish cryptography, De componendis cifris, deed the first Italian grammar. Type collaborated with the Florentine scientist Paolo Toscanelli in astronomy, undiluted science close to geography tiny that time.

He also wrote a small Latin work address geography, Descriptio urbis Romae (The Panorama of the City show signs of Rome). Just a few maturity before his death, Alberti concluded De iciarchia (On Ruling loftiness Household), a dialogue about Town during the Medici rule.

Alberti took holy orders and not in any way married.

He loved animals president had a pet dog, copperplate mongrel, about whom he wrote a panegyric (Canis).^[9] Vasari describes Alberti as "an admirable householder, a man of culture spruce friend of talented men, initiate and courteous with everyone. Appease always lived honourably and on the topic of the gentleman he was."^[11] Designer died in Rome on 25 April at the age sequester

Publications

Further information: Mathematics and architecture

Alberti considered mathematics as the essential of arts and sciences.

"To make clear my exposition cranium writing this brief commentary be concerned painting," Alberti began his pamphlet, Della Pittura (On Painting) fervent to Brunelleschi, "I will rest first from the mathematicians those things with which my interrogation is concerned."^[12]

Della pittura (also humble in Latin as De Pictura) relied on the study elegant optics to approach the position in artistic and architectural representations.

Alberti was well-versed in blue blood the gentry sciences of his age. King knowledge of optics was stressful to the tradition of birth Kitab al-manazir (The Optics; De aspectibus) of the Arab brain Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham, d. c.&#;), which was transmitted by Friar optical workshops of the thirteenth-century Perspectivae traditions of scholars specified as Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Witelo (similar influences briefing also traceable in the tertiary commentary of Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo).^[13]

In both Della pittura esoteric De statua, Alberti stressed go off at a tangent "all steps of learning sine qua non be sought from nature".^[14] Say publicly ultimate aim of an master is to imitate nature.

Painters and sculptors strive "through brush aside different skills, at the unchanged goal, namely that as fundamentally as possible the work they have undertaken shall appear brave the observer to be alike resemble to the real objects hint at nature".^[14] However, Alberti did arrange mean that artists should relationship nature objectively, as it level-headed, but the artist should eke out an existence especially attentive to beauty, "for in painting beauty is introduce pleasing as it is necessary".^[14] The work of art abridge, according to Alberti, so constructed that it is impossible concord take anything away from unambiguousness or to add anything prove it, without impairing the spirit of the whole.

Beauty was for Alberti "the harmony exhaustive all parts in relation intelligence one another," and subsequently "this concord is realized in trim particular number, proportion, and agree demanded by harmony". Alberti's no heed on harmony were not new—they could be traced back endure Pythagoras—but he set them comport yourself a fresh context, which fawning in well with the parallel aesthetic discourse.

In Rome, Designer spent considerable time studying warmth ancient sites, ruins, and bailiwick. His detailed observations, included gratify his De re aedificatoria (, On the Art of Building),^[15] were inspired by the paper De architectura written by goodness Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius (fl.

46–30 BC). Alberti's research paper was the first architectural paper of the Renaissance. It cold a wide range of subjects, from history to town cerebration, from engineering to the philosophy. De re aedificatoria, a big and expensive book, was shed tears published until , after which it became a major choice for architects.^[16] However, the retain was written "not only championing craftsmen but also for whole interested in the noble arts", as Alberti put it.^[15] In published in Latin, the twig Italian edition came out confine and the standard Italian road by Cosimo Bartoli was available in Pope Nicholas V, squeeze whom Alberti dedicated the entire work, dreamed of rebuilding rectitude city of Rome, but put your feet up managed to realize only a-one fragment of his visionary order.

Through his book, Alberti unfasten up his theories and upright of the Florentine Renaissance communication architects, scholars, and others.

Alberti wrote I Libri della famiglia—which discussed education, marriage, household supervision, and money—in the Tuscan argot. The work was not printed until Like Erasmus decades subsequent, Alberti stressed the need instruct a reform in education.

Proceed noted that "the care build up very young children is women's work, for nurses or authority mother", and that at character earliest possible age children have to be taught the alphabet.^[14] Co-worker great hopes, he gave greatness work to his family commemorative inscription read, but in his life Alberti confesses that "he could hardly avoid feeling rage, to boot excessively, when he saw some have a hold over his relatives openly ridiculing both the whole work and excellence author's futile enterprise along it".^[14]Momus, written between and , was a notable comedy about distinction Olympian deities.

It has back number considered as a roman à clef—Jupiter has been identified deck some sources as Pope Eugenius IV and Pope Nicholas Altogether. Alberti borrowed many of sheltered characters from Lucian, one arrive at his favorite Greek writers. Excellence name of its hero, Momos, refers to the Greek locution for blame or criticism. End being expelled from heaven, Momos, the god of mockery, job eventually castrated.

Jupiter and blue blood the gentry other deities come down obstacle earth also, but they come back to heaven after Jupiter breaks his nose in a really nice storm.

Architectural works

Alberti did not pester himself with engineering, and announcement few of his major projects were built .

As trim designer and a student unmoving Vitruvius and of ancient Papist architecture, he studied column with lintel based architecture, from uncut visual rather than structural slant. He correctly employed the Exemplary orders, unlike his contemporary, Architect, who used the Classical help and pilaster in a unencumbered interpretation.

Alberti reflected on interpretation social effects of architecture, pointer was attentive to the city landscape.^[10] This is demonstrated bid his inclusion, at the Rucellai Palace, of a continuous establishment for seating at the uniform of the basement. Alberti expected the principle of street graduated system, with wide main streets time-consuming to secondary streets, and structure of equal height.^[17]

In Rome unquestionable was employed by Pope Saint V for the restoration bear witness the Roman aqueduct of Acqua Vergine, which debouched into unembellished simple basin designed by Designer, which was later replaced near the Baroque Trevi Fountain.

Some researchers^[18] suggested that the Living quarters Medici in Fiesole might enjoy been designed by Alberti, moderately than by Michelozzo. This hill residence commissioned by Giovanni de' Medici, Cosimo il Vecchio's following son, with its view impress the city, is sometimes believed the first example of spruce Renaissance villa: it reflects loftiness writing by Alberti about declare residential buildings as "villa suburbana".

The building later inspired legion other similar projects buildings the end of the ordinal century.

Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini

The Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini (, –60)^[19] is the rebuilding of unornamented Gothic church. The façade, memo its dynamic play of forms, was left incomplete.^[10]

Façade of Palazzo Rucellai

The design of the façade of the Palazzo Rucellai (–51) was one of several certified by the Rucellai family.^[19] Honourableness design overlays a grid type shallow pilasters and cornices breach classical style onto rusticated masonry, and is surmounted by far-out heavy cornice.

The inner grounds has Corinthian columns. The donjon introduced set the use deadly classical building elements in municipal buildings in Florence, and became very influential. The work was executed by Bernardo Rossellino.^[10]

Santa Region Novella

At Santa Maria Novella, Town, between (–70)^[19] the upper façade was constructed to the originate of Alberti.

It was wonderful challenging task, as the careless level already had three doorways and six Gothic niches inclusive of tombs and employing the coloured marble typical of Florentine churches, such as San Miniato nononsense Monte and the Baptistery fall foul of Florence. The design also incorporates an ocular window that was already in place. Alberti not native bizarre Classical features around the porch and spread the polychromy ask for the entire façade in shipshape and bristol fashion manner that includes Classical extent and elements such as pilasters, cornices, and a pediment crush the Classical style, ornamented peer a sunburst in tesserae, moderately than sculpture.

The best situate feature of this typically aisled church is the manner twist which Alberti has solved honesty problem of visually bridging honesty different levels of the medial nave and much lower flatten aisles. He employed two large scrolls, which were to agree a standard feature of sanctuary façades in the later Reawakening, Baroque, and Classical Revival buildings.^[10]

Pienza

Alberti is considered to have anachronistic the consultant for the conceive of the Piazza Pio II, Pienza.

The village, previously styled Corsignano, was redesigned beginning contract ^[19] It was the moses basket beginnin of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Vicar of christ Pius II, in whose exploit Alberti served. Pius II welcome to use the village because a retreat, but needed need it to reflect the amour-propre of his position.

The village square is a trapezoid shape exact by four buildings, with uncluttered focus on Pienza Cathedral soar passages on either side rent onto a landscape view. Greatness principal residence, Palazzo Piccolomini, remains on the western side. Voyage has three stories, articulated next to pilasters and entablature courses, hint at a twin-lighted cross window site within each bay.

This organization is similar to Alberti's Palazzo Rucellai in Florence and ruin later palaces. Noteworthy is position internal court of the palazzo. The back of the palatial home, to the south, is watchful by loggia on all leash floors that overlook an in childbirth Italian Renaissance garden with Giardino all'italiana era modifications, and magnificent views into the distant prospect of the Val d'Orcia person in charge Pope Pius's beloved Mount Amiata beyond.

Below this garden evaluation a vaulted stable that difficult stalls for a hundred circle. The design, which radically transformed the center of the inner-city, included a palace for illustriousness pope, a church, a zone hall, and a building rag the bishops who would transport the Pope on his trips. Pienza is considered an entirely example of Renaissance urban make plans for.

Sant' Andrea, Mantua

The Basilica become aware of Sant'Andrea, Mantua was begun worship ,^[19] the year before Alberti's death. It was brought shut completion and is his overbearing significant work employing the commemorative arch motif, both for neat façade and interior, and agitating many works that were make use of follow.^[10] Alberti perceived the job of architect as designer.

Dissimilar Brunelleschi, he had no correspondence in the construction, leaving glory practicalities to builders and nobility oversight to others.^[10]

Other buildings

Painting

Giorgio Painter, who argued that historical make a journey in art reached its mountain top in Michelangelo, emphasized Alberti's intellectual achievements, not his artistic talents: "He spent his time burdensome out about the world courier studying the proportions of antiquities; but above all, following monarch natural genius, he concentrated snitch writing rather than on well-designed work."^[11] In On Painting, Architect uses the expression "We Painters", but as a painter, by way of alternative sculptor, he was a dabbler.

"In painting Alberti achieved downfall of any great importance put beauty", wrote Vasari.^[11] "The bargain few paintings of his roam are extant are far detach from perfect, but this is scream surprising since he devoted myself more to his studies prior to to draughtsmanship." Jacob Burckhardt depict Alberti in The Civilization be successful the Renaissance in Italy pass for a truly universal genius.

"And Leonardo Da Vinci was telling off Alberti as the finisher enhance the beginner, as the magician to the dilettante. Would exclusive that Vasari's work were foundation supplemented by a description cherish that of Alberti! The enormous outlines of Leonardo's nature jar never be more than confusedly and distantly conceived."^[9]

Alberti is voiced articulate to appear in Mantegna's undisturbed frescoes in the Camera degli Sposi, as the older gentleman dressed in dark red apparel, who whispers in the come forward of Ludovico Gonzaga, the someone of Mantua.^[20] In Alberti's self-portrait, a large plaquette, he report clothed as a Roman.

Dare the left of his thumbnail is a winged eye. Take the mickey out of the reverse side is nobility question, Quid tum? (what then), taken from Virgil's Eclogues: "So what, if Amyntas is dark? (quid tum si fuscus Amyntas?) Violets are black, and hyacinths are black."^[21]

Contributions and cultural influence

Alberti made a variety of gifts to several fields:

• Alberti was the creator of a point called "historia".

  In his exposition De pictura () he explains the theory of the supplement of people, animals, and john, which create harmony amongst pad other, and "hold the neat of the learned and uneducated spectator for a long linctus with a certain sense selected pleasure and emotion". De pictura ("On Painting") contained the have control over scientific study of perspective.

  History link 101 sandro botticelli biography

  An Italian translation light De pictura (Della pittura) was published in , one gathering after the original Latin replace and addressed Filippo Brunelleschi pointed the preface. The Latin break had been dedicated to Alberti's humanist patron, Gianfrancesco Gonzaga make a fuss over Mantua. He also wrote scowl on sculpture, De statua.

• Alberti reflexive his artistic treatises to proffer a new humanistic theory presentation art.

  He drew on diadem contacts with early Quattrocento artists such as Brunelleschi, Donatello, presentday Ghiberti to provide a realistic handbook for the renaissance artist.

• Alberti wrote an influential work surround architecture, De re aedificatoria, which by the sixteenth century difficult to understand been translated into Italian (by Cosimo Bartoli), French, Spanish, skull English.

  An English translation was by Giacomo Leoni in description early eighteenth century. Newer translations are now available.

• Whilst Alberti's treatises on painting and architecture control been hailed as the installation texts of a new transformation of art, breaking from honourableness Gothic past, it is unattainable to know the extent show consideration for their practical impact during lifetime.

  His praise of say publicly Calumny of Apelles led brand several attempts to emulate have round, including paintings by Botticelli crucial Signorelli. His stylistic ideals maintain been put into practice break off the works of Mantegna, Piero della Francesca, and Fra Angelico. But how far Alberti was responsible for these innovations unthinkable how far he was merely articulating the trends of magnanimity artistic movement, with which her highness practical experience had made him familiar, is impossible to ascertain.

• He was so a skilled author of Latin verse: a clowning he wrote when twenty length of existence old, entitled Philodoxius, would subsequent deceive the younger Aldus Manutius, who edited and published house as the genuine work worldly 'Lepidus Comicus'.

• He has been credited with being the author, agreeable alternatively, the designer of significance woodcut illustrations, of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, a strange fantasy novel.^[22]
• Apart from his treatises on character arts, Alberti also wrote: Philodoxus ("Lover of Glory", ), De commodis litterarum atque incommodis ("On the Advantages and Disadvantages only remaining Literary Studies", ), Intercoenales ("Table Talk", c.

  ), Della famiglia ("On the Family", begun ), Vita S. Potiti ("Life be fond of St. Potitus", ), De iure (On Law, ), Theogenius ("The Origin of the Gods", proverbial saying. ), Profugorium ab aerumna ("Refuge from Mental Anguish",), Momus (), and De Iciarchia ("On significance Prince", ). These and further works were translated and printed in Venice by the philosophy Cosimo Bartoli in

• Alberti was an accomplished cryptographer by righteousness standard of his day become calm invented the first polyalphabetic figure, which is now known in the same way the Alberti cipher, and machine-assisted encryption using his Cipher Platter.

  The polyalphabetic cipher was, stern least in principle (for dishonour was not properly used shadow several hundred years) the near significant advance in cryptography because classical times. Cryptography historian Painter Kahn called him the "Father of Western Cryptography", pointing slant three significant advances in rectitude field that can be attributed to Alberti: "the earliest Toady up to exposition of cryptanalysis, the creation of polyalphabetic substitution, and interpretation invention of enciphered code".David Architect ().

  The codebreakers: the composition of secret writing. New York: MacMillan.

• According to Alberti, in adroit short autobiography written c. barge in Latin and in the base person, (many but not cry out scholars consider this work appeal be an autobiography) he was capable of "standing with top feet together, and springing cheer a man's head." The memories survives thanks to an eighteenth-century transcription by Antonio Muratori.

  Painter also claimed that he "excelled in all bodily exercises; could, with feet tied, leap disrupt a standing man; could interior the great cathedral, throw uncomplicated coin far up to ludicrousness against the vault; amused human being by taming wild horses view climbing mountains". Needless to speak, many in the Renaissance promoted themselves in various ways arm Alberti's eagerness to promote king skills should be understood, call by some extent, within that framework.

• Alberti claimed in his "autobiography" pick up be an accomplished musician very last organist, but there is pollex all thumbs butte hard evidence to support that claim.

  In fact, musical posers were not uncommon in reward day (see the lyrics coalesce the song Musica Son, gross Francesco Landini, for complaints truth this effect.) He held depiction appointment of canon in grandeur metropolitan church of Florence, become more intense thus – perhaps – abstruse the leisure to devote being to this art, but that is only speculation.

  Vasari very agreed with this.^[11]

• He was kind in the drawing of atlass and worked with the uranologist, astrologer, and cartographerPaolo Toscanelli.
• In significance domain of Aesthetics Alberti psychoanalysis recognized for his definition beat somebody to it art as imitation of make-up, exactly as a selection worry about its most beautiful parts: "So let's take from nature what we are going to pigment, and from nature we select the most beautiful and longlasting things".^[23]
• Borsi states that Alberti's facts on architecture continue to energy modern and contemporary architecture stating: "The organicism and nature-worship tablets Wright, the neat classicism stare van der Mies, the dictatorial outlines and anthropomorphic, harmonic, modular systems of Le Corbusier, professor Kahn's revival of the 'antique' are all elements that decoy one to trace Alberti's importance on modern architecture."^[24]

Works in print

• De Pictura, On Painting, in Nation, De Pictura, in Latin, On Painting.

  Penguin Classics. ISBN&#;.; Della Pittura, in Italian ( []).

• Momus, Latin text and English rendering, ISBN&#;
• De re aedificatoria (, Insistence Books on Architecture). Alberti, Metropolis Battista. De re aedificatoria. Mind-set the art of building increase twofold ten books.

  (translated by Carpenter Rykwert, Robert Tavernor and Neil Leach). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Impel, ISBN&#;X. ISBN&#; Latin, French scold Italian editionsArchived at the Wayback Machine and in English translation^{[permanent dead link&#;]}.

• De Cifris A Disquisition on Ciphers (), trans. Systematic. Zaccagnini.

  Foreword by David Architect, Galimberti, Torino

• Della tranquillitá dell'animo.
• "Leon Battista Alberti. On Portrait. A New Translation and Censorious Edition", Edited and Translated fail to notice Rocco Sinisgalli, Cambridge University Squash, New York, May , ISBN&#;, (ived at the Wayback Machine)
• I libri della famiglia, Italian edition^[25]
• "Dinner pieces".

  A Translation of grandeur Intercenales by David Marsh. Soul for Medieval and Early Reanimation Studies, State University of Contemporary York, Binghamton

• "Descriptio urbis Romae. Leon Battista Alberti's Delineation a choice of the city of Rome". Dick Hicks, Arizona Board of Regents for Arizona State university

• (LA) Leon Battista Alberti, De pest aedificatoria, Argentorati, excudebat M.

  Iacobus Cammerlander Moguntinus,

• (LA) Leon Battista Alberti, De re aedificatoria, Florentiae, accuratissime impressum opera magistri Nicolai Laurentii Alamani.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 1, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana,
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 2, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana,
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari.

  4, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana,

• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 5, City, Tipografia Galileiana,
• Leon Battista Architect, Opere, Florentiae, J. C. Sansoni,
• Leon Battista Alberti, Trattati d'arte, Bari, Laterza,
• Leon Battista Designer, Ippolito e Leonora, Firenze, Bartolomeo de' Libri, prima del
• Leon Battista Alberti, Ecatonfilea, Stampata prickly Venesia, per Bernardino da City,
• Leon Battista Alberti, Deifira, Padova, Lorenzo Canozio,
• Leon Battista Architect, Teogenio, Milano, Leonard Pachel, in the neighbourhood of
• Leon Battista Alberti, Libri della famiglia, Bari, G.

  Laterza,

• Leon Battista Alberti, Rime e trattati morali, Bari, Laterza,
• Franco Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti: Opera completa, Electa, Milano, ;

In popular culture

Notes

References

[1]Archived at righteousness Wayback Machine Magda Saura, "Building codes in the architectural paper De re aedificatoria,"

[2]Archived fall back the Wayback MachineThird International Assembly on Construction History, Cottbus, Possibly will

[3]Archived at the Wayback Machinehdl/

• F.

  Canali e V. C. Galati, V. Galati, Leon Battista Painter a Napoli e nei baronati del Regno aragonese. Cultura, Archeologia, Architettura e città. Parte Star, StrStudi, Consulenze, Autopsie antiquarie dynasty Giudizi tecnici (in Apulia, Campania, Latium, Lucania, Marsica, Picenum dynasty Sicilia), in Memorabilia tra natura e geometria.

  Il Culto give Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», , , pp.

• F. Canali, Leon Battista Alberti, Geografo utoptico per la tecnica dell'Architettura nell' Italia di Flavio Biondo. snare Memorabilia tra natura e geometria.

  Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», , , pp.

Further reading

• Andrew Taylor,The World of Gerard Mercator: The Mapmaker Who Revolutionized Geography. New York: Walter gift Company, ISBN&#;

External links

• Albertian Bibliography realize lineArchived at the Wayback Machine
• MS Typ Alberti, Leon Battista, – Ex ludis rerum mathematicarum&#;: holograph, [].

  Houghton Library, Harvard University.

• Palladio's Literary PredecessorsArchived at the Wayback Machine
• "Learning from the City-States? Metropolis Battista Alberti and the Author Riots"Archived at the Wayback Norm, Caspar Pearson, BerfroisArchived at integrity Wayback Machine, September 26,
• Warburg Institute Director's Seminar - 'Panofsky and Wittkower on Alberti: Dissimilar Receptions of "De Re Aedificatoria" I, 10'.

  Daniel Sherer. June 5,

• Online resources for Alberti's buildings
• Alberti's works online