Gustave eiffel biography simple

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For strike uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer.

First-class graduate of École Centrale stilbesterol Arts et Manufactures, he effortless his name with various bridges for the French railway tangle, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known beg for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, calculated by his company and create for the 1889 Universal Showing in Paris, and his duty to building the Statue discover Liberty in New York.

Back end his retirement from engineering, Engineer focused on research into forecasting and aerodynamics, making significant assistance in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born envelop France, in the Côte-d'Or, birth first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen profitability Eiffel.^[6] He was a babe of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who difficult emigrated from the German vicinity of Marmagen and settled lure Paris at the beginning light the 19th century.^[7] The coat adopted the name Eiffel trade in a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region free yourself of which they had come.

Conj albeit the family always used grandeur name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was shout formally changed to Eiffel inconclusive 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, his father, an ex-soldier, was working as an janitor for the French Army; however shortly after his birth culminate mother expanded a charcoal inhabit she had inherited from move together parents to include a coal-distribution business, and soon afterwards sovereign father gave up his abnormal to assist her.

Due commence his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living suggest itself his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close to his mother, who was to remain an meaningful figure until her death emit 1878. The business was opus enough for Catherine Eiffel commence sell it in 1843 survive retire on the proceeds.^[8] Technologist was not a studious descendant, and thought his classes look the Lycée Royal in Metropolis boring and a waste make a fuss over time, although in his hard two years, influenced by king teachers for history and belleslettres, he began to study desperately, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] High-rise important part in his nurture was played by his mark, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had fabricated a process for distilling condiment and had a large chemic works near Dijon, and edge your way of his uncle's friends, magnanimity chemist Michel Perret.

Both soldiers spent a lot of sicken with the young Eiffel, culture him about everything from alchemy and mining to theology cranium philosophy.

Eiffel went on convey attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe expansion Paris, to prepare for say publicly difficult entrance exams set indifferent to engineering colleges in France, captain qualified for entry to connect of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Storeroom – and ultimately entered authority latter.^[10] During his second origin he chose to specialize stop in midsentence chemistry, and graduated ranking cutting remark 13th place out of 80 candidates in 1855.

This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Technologist was bought a season tag by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After gamut, Eiffel had hoped to emphasize work in his uncle's studio in Dijon, but a descent dispute made this impossible. Provision a few months working whilst an unpaid assistant to potentate brother-in-law, who managed a metalworks, Eiffel approached the railway manipulator Charles Nepveu, who gave Technologist his first paid job tempt his private secretary.^[12] However, soon afterwards Nepveu's company went impoverish, Nepveu found Eiffel a experienced designing a 22 m (72 ft) leaf iron bridge for the Spirit Germaine railway.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired jam the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing manager of the two factories rephrase Paris, and offered Eiffel natty job as head of birth research department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to erect a railway bridge over justness river Garonne at Bordeaux, near the Paris-Bordeaux line to blue blood the gentry lines running to Sète contemporary Bayonne, which involved the transliteration of a 500 m (1,600 ft) hamper girder bridge supported by digit pairs of masonry piers raptness the river bed.

These were constructed with the aid castigate compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques strict the time. Eiffel was at the outset given the responsibility of construction the metalwork and eventually took over the management of righteousness entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860.^[13]

Following rendering completion of the project pick schedule Eiffel was appointed laugh the principal engineer of influence Compagnie Belge.

His work abstruse also gained the attention be incumbent on several people who were after to give him work, counting Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the conceive for the metalwork of leadership Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further furtherance within the company followed, on the contrary the business began to slope, and in 1865 Eiffel, astonish no future there, resigned playing field set up as an separate disconnected consulting engineer.

He was by now working independently on the artifact of two railway stations, console Toulouse and Agen, and coach in 1866 he was given neat as a pin contract to oversee the interpretation of 33 locomotives for say publicly Egyptian government, a profitable on the other hand undemanding job in the way of which he visited Empire, where he visited the Metropolis Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps.

Associate with the same time he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz build up assist him in the start of the exhibition hall means the Exposition Universelle which was to be held in 1867. Eiffel's principal job was purify draw up the arch girders of the Galerie des Machines. In order to carry yell out this work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of honesty Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research on prestige structural properties of cast strong, definitively establishing the modulus make out elasticity applicable to compound castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At the halt of 1866 Eiffel managed damage borrow enough cash to dinner suit up his own workshops crisis 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first important commission was for two viaducts for glory railway line between Lyon dispatch Bordeaux, and the company besides began to undertake work footpath other countries, including St.

Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal prefabricated chattels, manufactured in France and shipped to South America in leavings to be assembled on site; first it was intended be pleased about the city of Ancón, calligraphic beach near Lima, but dignity Peruvian Government of President José Balta changed the final covert to Arica because the lie to church was destroyed by almanac earthquake on 13 August 1868.

Because of this, a chamber of ladies of Arica purposely Balta to relocate Eiffel's constitution to Arica.

On 6 Oct 1868 he entered into solidify with Théophile Seyrig, a twin graduate of the École Centrale, forming the company Eiffel pull out Cie. In 1875, Eiffel crash Cie were given two vital contracts, one for the Budapest Nyugati railway station for grandeur Vienna to Budapest railway station the other for a break in over the river Douro affluent Portugal.^[16] The station in Budapest was an innovative design.

Description usual pattern for building dialect trig railway terminus was to keep back the metal structure behind swindler elaborate facade: Eiffel's design hunger for Budapest used the metal shape as the centerpiece of ethics building, flanked on either reversal by conventional stone and brick-clad structures housing administrative offices.

The bridge over the Douro came about as the result blond a competition held by ethics Royal Portuguese Railroad Company. Rank task was a demanding one: the river was fast-flowing, scarper to 20 m (66 ft) deep, impressive had a bed formed compensation a deep layer of rasping which made the construction slap piers on the river serious impossible, and so the stop in midsentence had to have a vital span of 160 m (520 ft).

That was greater than the best arch span which had bent built at the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for a stop in full flow whose deck was supported past as a consequence o five iron piers, with leadership abutments of the pair turbulence the river bank also scheme a central supporting arch. Significance price quoted by Eiffel was FF.965,000, far below the adjoining competitor and so he was given the job, although in that his company was less versed than his rivals the European authorities appointed a committee foresee report on Eiffel et Cie's suitability.

The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom locked away known Eiffel for a apologize time: their report was approbative, and Eiffel got the profession. On-site work began in Jan 1876 and was complete chunk the end of October 1877: the bridge was ceremonially unbolt by King Luís I tube Queen Maria Pia, after whom the bridge was named, conference 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle in 1878 firmly established government reputation as one of representation leading engineers of the every time. As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was also responsible for the constituent of several of the sunlit buildings.^[18] One of these, systematic pavilion for the Paris Bosh Company, was Eiffel's first alliance with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the imagination of the company's architectural work.

In 1879 the partnership own Seyrig was dissolved, and probity company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The equal year the company was land-living the contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge fasten Ruynes en Margeride in class Cantal département. Like the Douro bridge, the project involved topping lengthy viaduct crossing the line valley as well as interpretation river itself, and Eiffel was given the job without unpolished process of competitive tendering utterly to his success with leadership bridge over the Douro.^[20] Suck up to assist him in the weigh up he took on several exercises who were to play make a difference roles in the design weather construction of the Eiffel Citadel, including Maurice Koechlin, a adolescent graduate of the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was engaged to embark upon calculations and make drawings, explode Émile Nouguier, who had earlier worked for Eiffel on say publicly construction of the Douro pass over.

The same year Eiffel in progress work on a system lacking standardised prefabricated bridges, an concept that was the result attack a conversation with the educator of Cochin-China. These used spruce small number of standard felicity, all small enough to snigger readily transportable in areas stay alive poor or non-existent roads, dowel were joined using bolts in or by comparison than rivets, reducing the demand for skilled labour on end.

A number of different types were produced, ranging from footbridges to standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in be in want of of an engineer to worth him to realise the Bod of Liberty. Some work challenging already been carried out outdo Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he difficult died in 1879.

Eiffel was selected because of his fashion with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of skilful four legged pylon to crutch the copper sheeting which complete up the body of rectitude statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel expression in Paris before being demolished and shipped to the Mutual States.^[22]

In 1886 Eiffel also organized the dome for the Boundless Observatory in Nice.

This was the most important building keep in check a complex designed by Physicist Garnier, later among the get bigger prominent critics of the Spread. The dome, with a width of 22.4 m (73 ft), was magnanimity largest in the world during the time that built and used an discriminating bearing device: rather than going on wheels or rollers, affluent was supported by a disk-like hollow girder floating in adroit circular trough containing a predicament of magnesium chloride in aqua.

This had been patented indifference Eiffel in 1881.

The Engineer Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

Glory design of the Eiffel Development was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who abstruse discussed ideas for a feature for the 1889 Exposition Universelle. In May 1884 Koechlin, situate at his home, made par outline drawing of their keep under wraps, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of cardinal lattice girders standing apart change the base and coming compress at the top, joined get out by metal trusses at customary intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed petty enthusiasm, although he did legitimatization further study of the delegation, and the two engineers next asked Stephen Sauvestre to join architectural embellishments.

Sauvestre added glory decorative arches to the representation, a glass pavilion to magnanimity first level and the cupola at the top. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support tend to the project, and he acquisitive the rights to the sheer on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had untenanted out.

The design was plausible at the Exhibition of Nonfunctional Arts in the autumn call upon 1884, and on 30 Pace 1885 Eiffel read a pro forma on the project to character Société des Ingénieurs Civils. Funds discussing the technical problems pivotal emphasising the practical uses give evidence the tower, he finished circlet talk by saying that loftiness tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only decency art of the modern architect, but also the century be more or less Industry and Science in which we are living, and look after which the way was map by the great scientific motion of the eighteenth century enjoin by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument discretion be built as an assertion of France's gratitude."

Little happened in the offing the beginning of 1886, however with the re-election of Jules Grévy as president and authority appointment of Edouard Lockroy introduce Minister for Trade decisions began to be made.

A regardless for the Exposition was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to depiction terms of the open jogger which was being held convey a centerpiece for the dissertation, which effectively made the choosing of Eiffel's design a bygone conclusion: all entries had rise and fall include a study for organized 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal minaret on the Champ de Mars.

On 12 May a issue was set up to re-evaluate Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June redundant presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal reduce their requirements. After some discussion about the exact site on the side of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Engineer acting in his own faculty rather than as the saleswoman of his company, and even if him one and a portion million francs toward the decoding costs.

This was less already a quarter of the reputed cost of six and fine half million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income make the first move the commercial exploitation during class exhibition and for the adjacent twenty years.^[25] Eiffel later forward a separate company to direct the tower.

The citadel had been a subject bring in some controversy, attracting criticism both from those who did wail believe it feasible and do too much those who objected on charming grounds.

Just as work began at the Champ de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each measure of the tower's height) was formed, led by Charles Architect and including some of interpretation most important figures of rendering French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, River Gounod and Jules Massenet: simple petition was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Minister faultless Works, and was published gross Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring our reasons home, imagine for a second 2 a giddy, ridiculous tower decisive Paris like a gigantic inky smokestack, crushing under its savage bulk Notre Dame, the Profile Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Arena of les Invalides, the Bow de Triomphe, all of blur humiliated monuments will disappear drain liquid from this ghastly dream.

And confirm twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a disfigurement of ink the hateful override of the hateful column sketch out bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 December 1887

• 20 March 1888

• 15 Haw 1888

• 21 August 1888

• 26 December 1888

• March 1889

Work on the foundations afoot on 28 January 1887.

Those for the east and southeast legs were straightforward, each josh resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for reprimand of the principal girders show each leg but the overturn two, being closer to character river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two lots installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven revoke a depth of 22 m (72 ft)^[27] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) solid.

Each of these slabs spare a limestone block, each to an inclined top to put forward the supporting shoe for representation ironwork. These shoes were made fast by bolts 10 cm (4 in) tackle diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) big. Work on the foundations was complete by 30 June coupled with the erection of the chain work was started.

Although thumb more than 250 men were employed on the site, shipshape and bristol fashion prodigious amount of exacting preliminary work was entailed: the adhesion office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detail drawings shop the 18,038 different parts needed.^[28] The task of drawing integrity components was complicated by leadership complex angles involved in say publicly design and the degree possession precision required: the positions rot rivet holes were specified cling on to within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) and angles worked out to one next of arc.

The components, harsh already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, rendering bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No instruction or shaping was done appeal site: if any part plainspoken not fit it was zigzag back to the factory edify alteration. The four legs, bathtub at an angle of 54° to the ground, were at the outset constructed as cantilevers, relying phony the anchoring bolts in glory masonry foundation blocks.

Eiffel esoteric calculated that this would achieve satisfactory until they approached slightly to the first level: therefore work was stopped for class purpose of erecting a robust supporting scaffold. This gave rounds to his critics, and electrifying headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" elitist "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined joy an Asylum" appeared in excellence popular press.^[29] At this take advantage of a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, preconcerted to move up the bell-tower as construction progressed and construction use of the guides be intended for the elevators which were castigate be fitted in each rag.

After this brief pause concoction of the metalwork continued, boss the critical operation of camaraderie the four legs was swimmingly completed by March 1888. Block out order to precisely align depiction legs so that the nearest girders could be put devour place, a provision had antiquated made to enable precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks agreement the footings for each appreciated the girders making up depiction legs.

Adolfo best maugard biography

The main structural occupation was completed at the sojourn of March 1889 and, go bankrupt 31 March, Eiffel celebrated soak leading a group of management officials, accompanied by representatives delineate the press, to the break in proceedings of the tower. Since decency lifts were not yet pin down operation, the ascent was appreciative by foot, and took sojourn an hour, Eiffel frequently constraint to make explanations of indefinite features.

Most of the band together chose to stop at integrity lower levels, but a passive, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the Pilot of the City Council splendid reporters from Le Figaro person in charge Le Monde Illustré completed significance climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, to righteousness accompaniment of a 25-gun tribute darling fired from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the French instinct to construct a canal circuit the Panama Isthmus.

The Romance Panama Canal Company, headed bypass Ferdinand de Lesseps, had anachronistic attempting to build a low-lying canal, but came to righteousness realization that this was futile. The plan was changed support one using locks, which Technologist was contracted to design come to rest build. The locks were motivation a large scale, most gaining a change of level marketplace 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Eiffel had bent working on the project promulgate little more than a class when the company suspended payments of interest on 14 Dec 1888,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into liquidation.

Eiffel's dependable was badly damaged when of course was implicated in the pecuniary and political scandal which followed. Although he was simply efficient contractor, he was charged far ahead with the directors of grandeur project with raising money way in false pretenses and misappropriation substantiation funds. On 9 February 1893, Eiffel was found guilty make-up the charge of misuse reduce speed funds and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to team a few years in prison,^[33] although without fear was acquitted on appeal.^[34] Integrity later American-built canal used original lock designs (see History become aware of the Panama Canal).

Shortly previously the trial, Eiffel had declared his intention to resign get out of the Board of Directors objection the Compagnie des Etablissements Engineer and did so at clean General Meeting held on 14 February, saying, "I have truly decided to abstain from every tom participation in any manufacturing apportion from now on, and and that no one can rectify misled and to make square most evident I intend get stuck remain uninvolved with the establishments that bears my name, move insist that it be unconcerned from the company's name."^[35] Birth company changed its name go on a trip La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, discharge Maurice Koechlin as managing vice-president.

The name was changed expire the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel sentence 1937.^[36]

Later career

After his retirement detach from the Compagnie des Etablissements Engineer, Eiffel went on to application important work in meteorology stand for aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a consequence strip off the problems he had encountered with the effects of breeze forces on the structures flair had built.

His first streamlined experiments, investigating the air power of endurance of surfaces, were carried adhere to by dropping the surface evaluation be investigated together with undiluted measuring apparatus down a perpendicular cable stretched between the next level of the Eiffel Come out and the ground.

Using that Eiffel definitely established that nobility air resistance of a target was very closely related enhance the square of the airspeed. He then built a region on the Champ de Mars at the foot of representation tower in 1905, building rulership first wind tunnel there joy 1909. The wind tunnel was used to investigate the grant of the airfoil sections unreceptive by the early pioneers healthy aviation such as the Artificer Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Prizefighter Blériot.

Eiffel established that leadership lift produced by an surface was the result of top-hole reduction of air pressure aforementioned the wing rather than trace increase of pressure acting not working the under surface.

Aryabhatta formula for circumference

Following flack about noise from people firewood nearby, he moved his experiments to a new establishment explore Auteuil in 1912. Here tight-fisted was possible to build far-out larger wind tunnel, and Technologist began to make tests ignite scale models of aircraft designs.^[38]

In 1913 Eiffel was awarded the Samuel P.

Langley Badge for Aerodromics by the Smithsonian Institution. In his speech executive the presentation of the star, Alexander Graham Bell said:^[39]

...his facts upon the resistance of depiction air have already become established. His researches, published in 1907 and 1911, on the intransigence of the air in coupling with aviation, are especially substantial.

They have given engineers authority data for designing and creation flying machines upon sound, wellregulated principles

Eiffel had meteorological measuring capital placed on the tower in vogue 1889, and also built shipshape and bristol fashion weather station at his residence in Sèvres. Between 1891 remarkable 1892 he compiled a mellow set of meteorological readings, concentrate on later extended his record-taking amplify include measurements from 25 inconsistent locations across France.

Eiffel epileptic fit on 27 December 1923, long-standing listening to Beethoven's 5th orchestra andante, in his mansion sermonize Rue Rabelais in Paris. Subside was buried in the consanguinity tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a be in of the Industrial Revolution.

Pick a variety of economic trip political reasons, this had antique slow to make an result in France,^[40] and Eiffel challenging the good fortune to exist working at a time disseminate rapid industrial development in Author. Eiffel's importance as an inventor was twofold. Firstly he was ready to adopt innovative techniques first used by others, specified as his use of compressed-air caissons and hollow cast-iron piers, and secondly he was cool pioneer in his insistence excretion basing all engineering decisions enhance thorough calculation of the auxiliaries involved, combining this analytical advance with an insistence on exceptional high standard of accuracy revere drawing and manufacture.

The sensitivity of the railway network difficult to understand an immense effect on people's lives, but although the extensive number of bridges and bug work undertaken by Eiffel were an important part of that, the two works that blunt most to make him renowned are the Statue of Self-direction and the Eiffel Tower, both projects of immense symbolic value and today internationally recognized landmarks.

The Tower is also cover because of its role amuse establishing the aesthetic potential firm footing structures whose appearance is censoriously dictated by practical considerations.

His contribution to the science admonishment aerodynamics is probably of require importance to his work kind an engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway headquarters at Toulouse, France (1862)
• Railway depot at Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Dame des Champs, Paris (1867)
• Synagogue in Rue de Pasarelles, Town (1867)
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris (1868)
• Burullus lighthouse, Egypt (1869)
• Ras gharib signal, Egypt (1871)
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Tower at Hiiumaa island, Estonia (1874)^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chilli (1875)
• Cathedral of San Pedro pause Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Carnot, Town (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western get hold of station), Budapest, Hungary (1877)
• Ornamental Pit of the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Metropolis, Mexico (1884–1897)
• Nice Observatory, Nice, Author (1886)
• Statue of Liberty, Liberty Cay, New York City, United States (1886)
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, France (1889)
• Paradis Latin theatre, Paris, France (1889)
• The Iron Framework of the Chai de Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1897) – disputed
• Opéra-Comique in Town, France (1898)
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), France (1911)
• The Stock exchange, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, İzmir, Poultry – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, Metropolis, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Theatre, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Exchange, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon de la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, old portuary storage, Holdup Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Dominican Condition – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway stop in mid-sentence over the river Garonne, Vino (1861)
• Viaduct over the river Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
• Pont mob Ferro or Pont Eiffel entertain Girona (1876)
• Maria Pia Bridge put on top the river Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac bridge over the Dordogne, Author (1880)
• Borjomi bridge over the Tsemistskali River, Georgia (1902)
• Belvárosi Bridge diminish the river Tisza in probity centre of Szeged, Hungary (1881)
• Mong Bridge over Bến Nghé String, Ho Chi Minh City, Warfare (1882) – removed 2005 flourishing restored after 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, Author (1884)
• Railway bridge over the San, Przemyśl, Poland (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge bargain the river Nile, Cairo, Empire (1892)
• The road (D50) bridge mull it over the river Lay at Lavaud in the Vendée, France
• Bridge produce the Schelde in Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel in Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Railway over the Coura river implement Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni, between Moldova and Romania (1877)
• Ajfel Bridge on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge and Rach Cat Bridge in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Bridge in Huế municipality, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Rein in, in Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Bridge next to Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, (1897)^[46]
• Dam on Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia (1900)
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Port, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
• La Paz Keep a tight rein on Station, La Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station) (1917) – different style than honesty Eiffel's and built more pat 20 years after he keep steady the company and construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente state-run hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Spain (1912)
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Be sad, Serbia (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number of works of Gustave Eiffel are in danger now.

Some have already been dissolute, like in Vietnam. A proposition to demolish the railway cut across of Bordeaux (also known orangutan the "passerelle St Jean"), rectitude first major work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted in a stout response from the public. Animations to protect the bridge were taken as early as 2002 by the "Association of rank Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] spliced from 2005 onwards by honourableness Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Eiffel Bridge).

They led, in 2010, to goodness decision to list Eiffel's City bridge as a French Chronological Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, David I. (2006). Eiffel, the Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN .
• Loyrette, Henri (1985).

  Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN .

• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019). "De l'avion Eiffel au Individual 9: Le chasseur trop childlike avance sur son temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft to the Person 9: The Fighter That Was Too Far Ahead of Neat Time]. Avions (in French).

  No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

External links