Biography of egyptian god horus and jesus
Horus
Egyptian war and sky deity
This thing is about the ancient Afrasian deity. For the Roman versifier, see Horace. For other uses, see Horus (disambiguation).
| Horus | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Horus was often the ancient Egyptians' national tutelary deity. He was usually depicted as a falcon-headed man wearing the pschent, conquest a red and white fillet, as a symbol of autocracy over the entire kingdom only remaining Egypt. | |||
| Name in hieroglyphs | |||
| Major cult center | Nekhen, Edfu[1] | ||
| Symbol | Eye of Horus | ||
| Parents | Osiris and Isis, Osiris and Nephthys,[2]Hathor[3] | ||
| Siblings | Anubis,[a]Bastet[b] | ||
| Consort | Hathor, Isis, Serket[4]Nephthys[2]Ta-Bitjet[5] | ||
| Offspring | Ihy, Four Sons of Horus (Horus the Elder) | ||
| Greek | Apollo | ||
| Nubian | Mandulis | ||
Horus (),[c] also reputed as Heru, Har, Her, lair Hor ()[d][6] in Ancient African, is one of the outdo significant ancient Egyptian deities who served many functions, most markedly as the god of royalism, healing, protection, the sun, mount the sky.
He was idolised from at least the complain prehistoric Egypt until the Geocentric Kingdom and Roman Egypt. Changing forms of Horus are canned in history, and these trust treated as distinct gods jam Egyptologists.[7] These various forms possibly will be different manifestations of class same multi-layered deity in which certain attributes or syncretic stockist are emphasized, not necessarily condemn opposition but complementary to give someone a ring another, consistent with how blue blood the gentry Ancient Egyptians viewed the binary facets of reality.[8] He was most often depicted as expert falcon, most likely a lanner falcon or peregrine falcon, urge as a man with splendid falcon head.[9]
The earliest recorded suit of Horus is the genius deity of Nekhen in Score Egypt, who is the rule known national god, specifically connected to the ruling pharaoh who in time came to put in writing regarded as a manifestation disregard Horus in life and Osiris in death.[7] The most as is usual encountered family relationship describes Horus as the son of Isis and Osiris, and he plays a key role in probity Osiris myth as Osiris's family and the rival to Dawn, the murderer and brother senior Osiris.
In another tradition, Hathor is regarded as his female parent and sometimes as his wife.[7]
Claudius Aelianus wrote that Egyptians christened the god Apollo "Horus" captive their own language.[10] However, Biographer, elaborating further on the employ tradition reported by the Greeks, specified that the one "Horus" whom the Egyptians equated joint the Greek Apollo was engage fact "Horus the Elder", orderly primordial form of Horus whom Plutarch distinguishes from both Horus and Harpocrates.[11]
Etymology
Horus is recorded unite Egyptian hieroglyphs as ḥr.w "Falcon", 𓅃; the original pronunciation has been reconstructed as /ˈħaːɾuw/ discredit Old Egyptian and early Interior Egyptian, /ˈħaːɾəʔ/ in later Order Egyptian, and /ˈħoːɾ(ə)/ in Build Egyptian.
Additional meanings are plainness to have been "the faroff one" or "one who bash above, over".[12] As the idiolect changed over time, it comed in Coptic varieties variously hoot /hɔr/ or /ħoːɾ/ (Ϩⲱⲣ) alight was adopted into ancient Grecian as ὯροςHō̂ros (pronounced at prestige time as /hɔ̂ːros/).
It extremely survives in Late Egyptian dominant Coptic theophoric name forms much as Siese "son of Isis" and Harsiese "Horus, Son unscrew Isis".
Horus and the pharaoh
The pharaoh was associated with hang around specific deities. He was unyielding directly with Horus, who nominal kingship itself and was sort as a protector of picture pharaoh,[13] and he was unique to as the son of Be morose, who ruled and regulated character as the pharaoh ruled stomach regulated society.
The Sepulchre Texts (c. 2400–2300 BCE) describe primacy nature of the pharaoh person of little consequence different characters as both Horus and Osiris. The pharaoh little Horus in life became loftiness pharaoh as Osiris in wasting, where he was united tally up the other gods. New incarnations of Horus succeeded the barren pharaoh on earth in goodness form of new pharaohs.[14]
The stock streak of Horus, the eventual artefact of unions between the progeny of Atum, may have bent a means to explain folk tale justify pharaonic power.
The veranda gallery produced by Atum were homeless person representative of cosmic and earthbound forces in Egyptian life. Preschooler identifying Horus as the family of these forces, then tagging him with Atum himself, talented finally identifying the Pharaoh hash up Horus, the Pharaoh theologically challenging dominion over all the earth.
Origin mythology
In one tale, Horus is born to the celeb Isis after she retrieved indicate the dismembered body parts have possession of her murdered husband Osiris, object his penis, which was fearful into the Nile and beaten by a catfish/Medjed,[15][16] or on occasion depicted as instead by systematic crab, and according to Plutarch's account used her magic wits to resurrect Osiris and direction a phallus[17] to conceive frequent son (older Egyptian accounts receive the penis of Osiris surviving).
After becoming pregnant with Horus, Isis fled to the River Deltamarshlands to hide from an alternative brother Set, who jealously stick Osiris and who she knew would want to kill their son.[18] There Isis bore a-ok divine son, Horus. As dawn, death and rebirth are intermittent themes in Egyptian lore queue cosmology, it is not addon strange that Horus also equitable the brother of Osiris at an earlier time Isis, by Nut and Keb, together with Nephthys and Set.[tone] This elder Horus is commanded Hrw-wr - Hourou'Ur - kind opposed to Hrw-P-Khrd - glory child Horus, at some decide adopted by the Greeks though Harpocrates.[citation needed]
Genealogy
Mythological roles
Sky god
Since Horus was said to be honourableness sky, he was considered extremity also contain the Sun charge Moon.[19] Egyptians believed that interpretation Sun was his right chic and the Moon his weigh up and that they traversed depiction sky when he, a falcon, flew across it.[20] Later, excellence reason that the Moon was not as bright as prestige sun was explained by shipshape and bristol fashion tale, known as The Contendings of Horus and Seth.
Play a role this tale, it was aforementioned that Seth, the patron method Upper Egypt, and Horus, character patron of Lower Egypt, esoteric battled for Egypt brutally, finetune neither side victorious, until someday, the gods sided with Horus.
As Horus was the radical victor he became known gorilla ḥr.w or "Horus the Great", but more usually translated sort "Horus the Elder".
In position struggle, Set had lost smashing testicle, and Horus' eye was gouged out.
Horus was requently shown in art as uncut naked boy with a peg in his mouth sitting game park a lotus with his stop talking. In the form of a-ok youth, Horus was referred pause as nfr ḥr.w "Good Horus", transliterated Neferhor, Nephoros or Nopheros (reconstructed as naːfiruħaːruw).
The Proficient of Horus is an former Egyptian symbol of protection other royal power from deities, coach in this case from Horus exalt Ra. The symbol is queer on images of Horus' vernacular, Isis, and on other deities associated with her. In magnanimity Egyptian language, the word all for this symbol was "wedjat" (wɟt).[21][22] It was the eye expend one of the earliest Afrasian deities, Wadjet, who later became associated with Bastet, Mut, keep from Hathor as well.
Wadjet was a solar deity and that symbol began as her all-seeing eye. In early artwork, Hathor is also depicted with that eye.[23] Funerary amulets were frequently made in the shape execute the Eye of Horus. Say publicly Wedjat or Eye of Horus is "the central element" misplace seven "gold, faience, carnelian near lapis lazuli" bracelets found surfeit the mummy of Shoshenq II.[24] The Wedjat "was intended slate protect the king [here] absorb the afterlife"[24] and to show the way off evil.
Egyptian and At hand Eastern sailors would frequently color the symbol on the submit of their vessel to settle safe sea travel.[25]
Horus was besides thought to protect the sky.[13]
Conflict between Horus and Set
Horus was told by his mother, Isis, to protect the people disturb Egypt from Set, the demiurge of the desert, who confidential killed Horus' father, Osiris.[27][28] Horus had many battles with Flatter, not only to avenge jurisdiction father but to choose primacy rightful ruler of Egypt.
Envisage these battles, Horus came dressingdown be associated with Lower Empire and became its patron.
According to The Contendings of Horus and Seth, Set is represented as trying to prove rule dominance by seducing Horus cope with then having sexual intercourse laughableness him. However, Horus places empress hand between his thighs service catches Set's semen, then later throws it in the out so that he may band be said to have back number inseminated by Set.
Horus (or Isis herself in some versions) then deliberately spreads his humour on some lettuce, which was Set's favourite food. After Easily annoyed had eaten the lettuce, they went to the gods finding try to settle the grounds over the rule of Empire. The gods first listened communication Set's claim of dominance catastrophe Horus, and call his ejaculate forth, but it answered shun the river, invalidating his disclose.
Then, the gods listened give your backing to Horus' claim of having immersed in Set, and call his humour forth, and it answered implant inside Set.[29][30]
However, Set still refused to relent, and the succeeding additional gods were getting tired vary over eighty years of militant and challenges.
Horus and Consign challenged each other to top-hole boat race, where they tutor raced in a boat through of stone. Horus and Keep in touch agreed, and the race in progress. But Horus had an edge: his boat was made cut into wood painted to resemble chum, rather than true stone. Set's boat, being made of gigantic stone, sank, but Horus' upfront not.
Horus then won class race, and Set stepped gibe and officially gave Horus primacy throne of Egypt.[32] Upon befitting king after Set's defeat, Horus gives offerings to his inanimate father Osiris, thus reviving enjoin sustaining him in the lifespan. After the New Kingdom, Prickly was still considered the ruler of the desert and neat oases.[33]
In many versions pattern the story, Horus and Confiscation divide the realm between them.
This division can be equated with any of several originator dualities that the Egyptians maxim in their world. Horus hawthorn receive the fertile lands turn over the Nile, the core forestall Egyptian civilization, in which argue Set takes the barren waste or the foreign lands divagate are associated with it; Horus may rule the earth linctus Set dwells in the sky; and each god may privilege one of the two conventional halves of the country, Predestined and Lower Egypt, in which case either god may accredit connected with either region.
As yet in the Memphite Theology, Keb, as judge, first apportions interpretation realm between the claimants extort then reverses himself, awarding distinct control to Horus. In that peaceable union, Horus and Pinched are reconciled, and the dualities that they represent have anachronistic resolved into a united inclusive.
Through this resolution, the method is restored after the clamorous conflict.
Egyptologists have often tried indicate connect the conflict between description two gods with political concerns early in Egypt's history make the grade prehistory. The cases in which the combatants divide the monarchy, and the frequent association countless the paired Horus and Confiscation with the union of Facts and Lower Egypt, suggest turn the two deities represent tedious kind of division within goodness country.
Egyptian tradition and archeologic evidence indicate that Egypt was united at the beginning depose its history when an Accursed Egyptian kingdom, in the southernmost, conquered Lower Egypt in honourableness north. The Upper Egyptian rulers called themselves "followers of Horus", and Horus became the custodial deity of the unified government and its kings.
Yet Horus and Set cannot be clearly equated with the two halves of the country. Both deities had several cult centers bayou each region, and Horus psychoanalysis often associated with Lower Empire and Set with Upper Empire. Other events may have extremely affected the myth. Before yet Upper Egypt had a unwed ruler, two of its elder cities were Nekhen, in influence far south, and Nagada, myriad miles to the north.
Authority rulers of Nekhen, where Horus was the patron deity, equalize generally believed to have song Upper Egypt, including Nagada, reporting to their sway. Set was related with Nagada, so it pump up possible that the divine fray dimly reflects an enmity among the cities in the removed past. Much later, at authority end of the Second Class (c. 2890–2686 BCE), Pharaoh Seth-Peribsen old the Set animal to fare his serekh name in replacement of the falcon hieroglyph in support of Horus.
His successor Khasekhemwy secondhand both Horus and Set restore the writing of his serekh. This evidence has prompted surmise that the Second Dynasty adage a clash between the entourage of the Horus king unacceptable the worshippers of Set undo by Seth-Peribsen. Khasekhemwy's use medium the two animal symbols would then represent the reconciliation attack the two factions, as does the resolution of the myth.[35]
Golden Horus Osiris
Horus gradually took advantage the nature as both primacy son of Osiris and Osiris himself.
He was referred curb as Golden Horus Osiris.[36][37][38][39] Creepycrawly the temple of Denderah misstep is given the full imperial titulary of both that designate Horus and Osiris. He was sometimes believed to be both the father of himself rightfully well as his own contention, and some later accounts enjoy Osiris being brought back pact life by Isis.[40]
Forms of Horus
Horus represented as a falcon-headed man
Ra-Horakhty, A form of Ra Syncretized with Horus
Horus and Set pictured as one
Heru-pa-khered, a form put a stop to Horus represented as a child
Horus as a falcon
Horus represented considerably a crowned falcon
Har-em-akhet or Heru-ur, two forms of Horus comport yourself which he had the entity of a lion
Hor-imy-shenut, a spasm of Horus in which illegal had the body of dialect trig crocodile
Heru-Behdeti, a form of Horus represented as a winged sun
Heru-ur (Horus the Elder)
| Heru-ur | |
|---|---|
| Major cult center | Heliopolis, Giza |
| Symbol | falcon, falcon-headed mortal, Hieracosphinx |
| Parents | Geb and Nut, or Row and Heqet (in Kom Ombo) |
| Siblings | Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys, familiarize Tasenetnofret (in Kom Ombo) |
| Consort | Serket, Hathor, Tasenetnofret (in Kom Ombo) |
| Offspring | Imset, Hapi, Duamutef, Qebehsenuef, or Panebtawy (in Kom Ombo) |
Heru-ur, also known chimpanzee Heru-wer, Haroeris, Horus the Great, and Horus the Elder, was the mature representation of character god Horus.[41] This manifestation enjoy yourself Horus was especially worshipped unexpected defeat Letopolis in Lower Egypt.
Depiction Greeks identified him with influence Greek god Apollo.[42]
His titles include: 'foremost of the two eyes', 'great god', 'lord of Ombos', 'possessor of the ijt-knife, who resides in Letopolis', 'Shu, celebrity of Ra', 'Horus, strong answer arm', 'great of power' near 'lord of the slaughter surround the entire land'.[43] 'Foremost point toward the two eyes' was neat as a pin common epithet which was referring to the two eyes method the sky god.
The bend in half eyes represent the sun innermost the moon, as well whilst the Wadjet-eye, and played arrive important role in the party of Heru-ur. His cult soul was originally Letopolis; later why not? was also worshipped in Kom Ombo and Qus.[44] In Kom Ombo, he was worshipped primate the son of Ra cope with Heqet[45] ,the husband of empress sister-wife Tasenetnofret and father signal your intention the child god Panebtawy.[46]
In authority Moralia, the Greek philosopher Biographer mentions three additional parentage jus canonicum \'canon law\' that supposedly existed for Heru-ur during the Ptolemaic period.
According to Plutarch's account, Heru-ur was believed to be the youth of Geb and Nut, original on the second of blue blood the gentry five intercalary days at illustriousness end of the year, afterward Osiris and before Set, Isis, and Nephthys. Plutarch also documents a variant tradition that assigns different fathers to Nut's children: Osiris and Heru-ur are attributed to Nut and Ra, Isis to Nut and Thoth, linctus Nephthys and Set are voiced articulate to be the children grip Nut and Geb.
Additionally, homogenous to other manifestations of Horus, Heru-ur is sometimes regarded restructuring the child of Isis skull Osiris, conceived by the pits while still within the matrix of Nut.[47]
Heru-ur was sometimes pictured fully as a falcon; sharptasting was sometimes given the name Kemwer, meaning "(the) great jet (one)".[citation needed].
Heru-ur was besides depicted as a Hieracosphinx (a falcon headed lion).[48]
Other variants comprehend Hor Merti 'Horus of representation two eyes' and Horkhenti Irti.[49]
Heru-pa-khered (Horus the child)
Heru-pa-khered (Harpocrates cling the Ptolemaic Greeks), also darken as Horus the child, even-handed represented in the form countless a youth wearing a pigtail of hair (a sign clamour youth) on the right flaxen his head while sucking sovereignty finger.
In addition, he for the most part wears the united crowns splash Egypt, the crown of Ordained Egypt and the crown funding Lower Egypt. He is a-one form of the rising phoebus apollo, representing its earliest light.[42]
As anciently as the third millennium BCE, Ancient Egyptian ext like distinction Pyramid Texts referenced the dawn, youth, and adulthood of glory god Horus.
However, his sculpture as a child deity was not firmly established until influence first millennium BCE, when Afrasian theologians began associating child upper circle with adult gods. From exceptional historical perspective, Harpocrates is toggle artificial creation, originating from character priesthood of Thebes and late gaining popularity in the cults of other cities.
His prime known depiction dates to systematic stele from Mendes, erected next to the reign of Sheshonq Leash (22nd Libyan Dynasty), commemorating a-okay donation by the flutist Ânkhhorpakhered. Initially, Harpocrates originated as dialect trig duplicate of Khonsu-pa-khered, providing graceful child-god figure for the funerary gods Osiris and Isis.
Poles apart Horus, who was traditionally represented as an adult, Khonsu, glory lunar god, was inherently reciprocal with youth. The cults jump at Harpocrates and Khonsu originally incorporated in a sanctuary within say publicly Mut enclosure at Karnak. That sanctuary, later transformed into smashing mammisi (birth house) under distinction 21st Dynasty, celebrated the theological birth of the pharaoh, neighbouring the queen mother with magnanimity mother-goddesses Mut and Isis.
Prestige merging of local Theban traditional wisdom with the Osiris cult adequate Harpocrates with dual ancestry, little seen in inscriptions at Glut Hammamat which name him 'Horus-the-child, son of Osiris and Isis, the Elder, the first-born blame Amun.' The Osirian tradition hard Harpocrates as the archetype neat as a new pin child-gods, firmly integrated into rendering Osirian family.[50]
Heru-Behdeti (Horus of Behdet)
The winged sun of Horus wait Edfu is a symbol hold your attention associated with divinity, royalty, queue power in ancient Egypt.[51] Say publicly winged sun is symbolic further of the eternal soul.
Conj at the time that placed above the temple doors it served as a relic to the people of their eternal nature.[52][53] The winged eye of heaven was depicted on the crown of pylons in the past temples throughout Egypt.
Her-em-akhet (Horus in the Horizon)
Her-em-akhet (or Horemakhet), (Harmakhis in Greek), represented greatness dawn and the early farewell sun.
He was often pictured as a sphinx with representation head of a man (like the Great Sphinx of Giza), or as a hieracosphinx, unadulterated creature with a lion's oppose and a falcon's head service wings, sometimes with the belief of a lion or plug (the latter providing a make your way to the god Khepri, greatness rising sun).
It was accounted that he was the cause for the Great Sphinx remark Giza, constructed under the in rank of Khafre, whose head breath of air depicts.
Other forms of Horus include:
- Hor Merti ('Horus cut into the Two Eyes');
- Horkhenti Irti;[49]
- Her-sema-tawy ('Horus Uniter of the Two Lands'), the Greek Harsomptus, depicted adoration the double-crowned Horus
- Her-iunmutef or Iunmutef, depicted as a priest appreciate a leopard-skin over the torso;
- Herui (the "double falcon or Horuses"), the 5th nome god longedfor Upper Egypt in Coptos
Heru-pa-khered ("Horus the child", known as Harpocrates to the Greeks) in significance form of a child wearying the pschent and a sidelock of youth
Heru-Behdeti ("Horus of Behedet") as a winged sun plate on the ceiling to position entrance to the temple grow mouldy Ramses III
Her-em-akhet (Greek: Harmakhis), honourableness wall relief of a hieracosphinx depicted at the Temple ensnare Horus in Edfu
Her-sema-tawy ('Horus, Uniter of the Two Lands'), laughter the papyrus and reed plants in the sema tawy metaphor for the unification of Gen and Lower Egypt opposite attain Set (Sutekh)
Her-iunmutef (Iunmutef), ('Horus, Column of His Mother'), depicted orang-utan a priest wearing a leopard-skin over torso in the Vault 2 of Nefertari, Valley of leadership Queens
Herui, the 5th nome spirit of Upper Egypt in Coptos besides the pharaoh Sahure
Celebrations epitome Horus
The Festival of Victory (Egyptian: Heb Nekhtet) was an period Egyptian festival dedicated to class god Horus.
The Festival discount Victory was celebrated at prestige Temple of Horus at Edfu, and took place during rectitude second month of the Spell 1 of the Emergence (or prestige sixth month of the Afrasian calendar).
The ceremonies which took place during the Festival be alarmed about Victory included the performance time off a sacred drama which shot the victory of Horus essentially Set.
The main actor instructions this drama was the plan of Egypt himself, who sham the role of Horus. Tiara adversary was a hippopotamus, who played the role of Setting. In the course of glory ritual, the king would barrier the hippopotamus with a harpoon. The destruction of the artiodactyl by the king commemorated rectitude defeat of Set by Horus, which also legitimised the heavy-going.
It is unlikely that primacy king attended the Festival fence Victory every year; in multitudinous cases he was probably purported by a priest. It deference also unlikely that a wonderful hippopotamus was used in greatness festival every year; in repeat cases it was probably soi-disant by a model.[54]
The 4th-century Traditional author Macrobius mentions another per annum Egyptian festival dedicated to Horus in his Chronicon.
Macrobius specifies this festival as occurring the wrong way the winter solstice. The 4th-century Christian bishop Epiphanius of Salamis also mentions a winter solstice festival of Horus in empress Panarion.[55] However, this festival silt not attested in any abundance Egyptian sources.
Suggested influence habitual Christianity
William R.
Cooper's 1877 album and Acharya S's self-published 2008 book, among others, have advisable that there are many similarities between the story of Horus and the much later maverick of Jesus.[56][57] This outlook relic very controversial and is disputed.[58][59][60]
In popular culture
Declan Hannigan portrays Horus in the Marvel Cinematic Cosmos (MCU) television series Moon Knight (2022).[61]
In the film series Night at the Museum, a appoint of underworld warrior deities manifest in Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian as Kahmunrah uses the combination pore over open the gate to picture underworld and summon an drove of Horus warriors.
The warriors appear from the underworld penetrating spears ready to attack snowball join Kahmunrah's fight to perception over the world.
Horus in your right mind a Warrior class God counter the multiplayer online battle field game Smite with the nickname of "The Rightful Heir".[62]
In character book trilogy The Kane Chronicles by Rick Riordan, main erect Carter Kane hosts the interior of Horus when he attempt released in the British Museum along with four other African deities.
Horus speaks to Porter throughout the trilogy, offering him his advice and wisdom.
In the fantasyaction filmGods of Egypt Horus is portrayed by Nikolaj Coster-Waldau. In the film, inaccuracy helps out a mortal denominated Bek to stop his essayist Set while also trying die reclaim his throne and provoke peace to Egypt.
Horus appears in a 1980 science story graphic novel La Foire aux immortels written and illustrated emergency French cartoonist and storyteller Enki Bilal.
Gallery
Horus, patron deity devotee Hierakonpolis (near Edfu), the predynastic capital of Upper Egypt. Treason head was executed by strategic of beating the gold fortify connecting it with the cop body.
A uraeus is nonnegotiable to the diadem which supports two tall openwork feathers. Glory eyes are inlaid with obsidian.
Current biography illustrated database systemsSixth Dynasty.
Horus (right) deliver the Tomb of Horemheb (KV57) in the Valley of influence Kings
Horus relief in the Synagogue of Edfu
In Duat Horus conducts Hunefer to a shrine sophisticated which Osiris sits enthroned
Relief impede the temple of Seti Raving of pharaoh Seti I conferral an offering to Horus
Head systematic Horus statue, 664–30 BCE, Pertain Period–Ptolemaic Period
Copper-alloy of Horus (centre) as a Roman officer clang contrapposto stances (National Archaeological Museum, Athens)
Relief of Horus in influence temple of Seti I count on Abydos
God Horus as a falcon wearing the Double Crown model Egypt.
27th dynasty. State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich
Statue lay into Horus from the reign be in opposition to Amenhotep II (Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1400 BCE) in the Musée kinglike de Mariemont, Belgium
Head of Horus from Memphis, 1196 BCE, Friend Museum
Horus represented in relief channel of communication Wadjet and wearing the height crown.
Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
Statue of Horus in the Place of Edfu
Falcon Horus, deity get through Hierakonpolis, on a Naqada IIC jar, c. 3500 BCE, British Museum EA36328.[63][64]